indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to pass through; to pass by; to pass (of time); to elapse; to have expired; to have ended; to exceed
society; the world; the times
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
one color; one colour; one article; same tendency; everyone being caught up in the same thing
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
together with; as X, then Y (e.g. as we age we gain wisdom, as wine matures it becomes more valuable, etc.)
to pass (time); to spend; to overdo (esp. of one's alcohol consumption); to drink (alcohol); (arch.) to take care of; (arch.) to support
aloneness; loneliness; solitude
Zhou dynasty (China, approx. 1046-256 BCE); Chou dynasty; perimeter; counter for laps or circuits
alone; by oneself; on one's own
going out to shop; going shopping; buying in quantity; buying wholesale; bulk purchasing
to go out (e.g. on an excursion or outing); to leave; to depart; to be about to leave; to be just going out
although I say; although one might say; although called
surroundings; environs; circumference
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
scenery; scene; landscape
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
changing completely; transformation
state; state of affairs; appearance; look; sign; indication
to look at; to gaze at; to look out over; to get a view of; to look on (from the sidelines); to stand by and watch
while; during; while; although; all; both
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
night view; night skyline; nightscape
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
illumination; decorative lighting
it is ... that ...; precisely; although; while; it is precisely because ... that ...; only because ...
to leave (behind); to leave (undone); to not finish; to save; to set aside; to leave (to someone, esp. after one's death)
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
to decorate; to ornament; to display; to exhibit; to mark (e.g. the day with a victory); to adorn (e.g. the front page)
withdrawal; revocation; repeal; demolition; removal
eye; eyeball; eyesight; sight; look; stare; notice
vivid; bright; brilliant; skillful; skilful; adept
sum; harmony; peace; Japan; Japanese-style
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
to change; to be transformed; to move to; to be different; to be uncommon
store; shop; establishment; restaurant