muscle; tendon; vein; artery; fiber; fibre; line
house (e.g. of Tokugawa); family
to be left in the dust (of); to be outdone (by); to be subordinate (to); to play second fiddle (to); to take second billing (to)
a kind; a sort; of sorts; something of a; sort of; somewhat
(abstract) symbol; emblem; representation
to set up (in high position); to kick upstairs; to hold sacred; to worship
state of affairs (around you); situation; circumstances
Meiji era (1868.9.8-1912.7.30)
to enter; to go into; to break into; to join; to enroll; to contain; to hold
government; administration
by means of; due to; because of; according to
abolish Buddhism, destroy Shākyamuni (slogan of anti-Buddhist movement at the beginning of the Meiji era)
political measures; policy
Bureau of Onmyō; government office in charge of astronomical observations, divination and calendar making (under the ritsuryo system)
to harm; to hurt; to injure; to fail to ...; to miss one's opportunity to ...
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that
falling into straitened circumstances; downfall; ruin
definite; final; decisive; conclusive
after this; from now on; hereafter; thereafter; since (then); after
front stage; center stage (of politics, etc.)
to come back; to bloom a second time
with ... as a start; taking advantage of; inspired by
to pass through; to pass by; to pass (of time); to elapse; to have expired; to have ended; to exceed
bitter experience; misery; distress; grief; sad thoughts; hardship
to follow (road); to pursue (course); to follow up; to follow (hyperlink)
what is called; as it is called; the so-called; so to speak
civilization and enlightenment; Japan's Westernization movement during the Meiji era (Westernisation)
spread; extension; influence; aftereffect; ripple
by means of; due to; because of; according to
the West; the Occident; Western countries
Western Europe; the West; the Occident; Europe
custom; convention; common practice; (arch.) becoming accustomed (to)
manners; customs; sex service; sex industry; sex-oriented entertainment
diffusion; spread; popularization; promulgation; familiarization
permeation (of thought, ideology, culture, etc.); infiltration (e.g. of ideas); permeation (of a liquid, etc.); soaking; osmosis
those (near the second person)
remaining unchanged (from the old state of things); none the better for the change (if at all)
people; men and women; each person; everybody
recognition; awareness; perception; understanding; knowledge; cognition
various; varied; diverse; all sorts of
culture; civilization; civilisation; Bunka era (1804.2.11-1818.4.22)