thorny shrub; wild rose; briar; thorn; cusp
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
soon; in a moment; nearby; close; direct; spot transaction
corner; edge; (street) corner; turning; rough edges (of one's character, words, etc.); abrasiveness
river; stream; River; the ... river
library; book collection; paperback book
book; volume; this; present; main; head
work (e.g. book, film, composition, etc.); opus; performance; production
all; entire; whole; altogether
one part; one portion; one section; one copy (e.g. of a document)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
without permission; without notice
reproduction; duplication; reprinting
distribution (of information, etc.); broadcast; delivery; transmission; streaming
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
or; either ... or; maybe; perhaps; some ... and others ...; sometimes ... and at other times ...
class; order; et cetera; etc.; equal; iso-
prohibition; inhibition; ban
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
contents; content; substance; matter; detail; import
change; alteration; modification
alteration; falsification; faking
to perform; to do; to conduct oneself; to carry out
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
hour; o'clock; (specified) time; when ...; during ...
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
consent; approval; acceptance; agreement; compliance
to receive; to get; to eat; to drink; to be crowned with; to wear (on one's head)
agreement; rules; code; protocol; convention; bylaw
by means of; due to; because of; according to
(involving) payment; (involving) compensation; paying a fee
without compensation; without reward; without pay; free (of charge)
in spite of; regardless of
third party; third person; outsider; disinterested person
transfer; assignment; conveyance
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
to (take out and) show; to demonstrate; to point out (finger, clock hand, needle, etc.); to indicate; to show
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance