indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
along the river; riverside
road; path; route; way; distance; journey; road (e.g. to victory)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
two persons; two people; pair; couple
little girl; maiden; young lady; (arch.) female between 17 and 20 years old (ritsuryo period)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
while; during; while; although; all; both
to talk; to speak; to tell; to explain; to speak (a language)
in that way; thus; so; so?
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
Bible; the Scriptures; Holy Writ
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
party; group; troop; one act; one action; one deed
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to write; to compose; to pen; to draw; to paint
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
something like ...; things like ...; someone like ...; the likes of ...
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
theme; topic; subject matter; motif; project; slogan
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
isn't it?; don't you think?; right?; surely; come on
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to believe; to believe in; to place trust in; to confide in; to have faith in
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well...; I think...
that's true; of course; obviously
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
one's father; one's old man; middle-aged (or older) man; old man; one's boss; proprietor (of a restaurant, store, etc.)
such (about the actions of the listener, or about ideas expressed or understood by the listener); like that; that sort of
particle indicating that the speaker is trying to recall some information
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder