indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
November; eleventh month of the lunar calendar
seventh day of the month; seven days
story; tale; narrative; account; fable; legend
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
(not) at all; (not) in the least; (none) whatsoever
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
cool; chilly; feeling nice and cold
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to wake up; to sober up; to come to one's senses; to become enlightened
rain; rainy day; rainy weather; the November suit (in hanafuda)
somewhere; anywhere; in some respects
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
morning; breakfast; (arch.) next morning
cold; chill; cold weather; cold wave; cold air
to creep in; to steal in; to sneak in
warm; mild; warm (of a colour); mellow; having enough money
futon; Japanese bedding consisting of a mattress and a duvet; round cushion used for Zen meditation (traditionally made of woven bulrush leaves)
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
outside; exterior; the open (air); other place; somewhere else
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
feeling; sensation; mood; sensation of doing
to get up; to rise; to wake up; to be awake; to occur (usu. of unfavourable incidents); to happen
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
system; organization; organisation; imperial command; laws; regulation
university; college; former central university of Kyoto (established under the ritsuryo system for the training of government administrators); the Great Learning (one of the Four Books)
second-year student; biennial