elementary school; primary school; school for children over eight years old in ancient China; traditional Chinese philology
department (in an organization); division; club; part; component; category
logs in bark; rough wood; unseasoned timber; new lumber
illustration; picture; sketch; drawing; figure
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
table of contents; contents
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
liked; well-liked; in love (with); loved; faddism; eccentricity
four-character compound word (esp. idiomatic)
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
always; all the time; never; usual; regular
after school (at the end of the day)
like; similar to; as with; in the same way
kotatsu; table over an electric heater (orig. a charcoal brazier in a floor well) with a hanging quilt that retains heat
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to read; to recite (e.g. a sutra); to chant; to predict; to guess; to decipher; to count
while; during; while; although; all; both
head (chief, director) of a section or department; head of a (school) club; head of a (school) team
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
abrupt; sudden; unexpected
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
journal; magazine; periodical
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to raise one's face; to lift one's head; to raise one's eyes
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
in that way; thus; so; so?
to return (something); to restore; to turn over; to turn upside down; to pay back; to retaliate; to respond (with)
at any rate; anyhow; anyway; in any case; because; as you know
to finish reading; to read through
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish
to match (rhythm, speed, etc.); to join together; to unite; to face; to be opposite (someone); to compare; to check with
this way; this direction; here; this (one); I; me
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
look!; look out!; hey!; look at me!; there you are!
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!