indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to borrow; to have a loan; to rent; to hire
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
bank; banking institution
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
various; varied; diverse; all sorts of
guest; visitor; customer; client; counter for containers used to entertain guests
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to come along; to come around; to turn up; to arrive at the present; to get where one is; to have been doing something (for a period of time)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
honorific/polite/humble prefix
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
to look after; to take care of; to be put in charge of; to be given responsibility for; to withhold (an announcement); to reserve (judgment)
place; location; room; space; basho; wrestling tournament
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
not only ... but (also); as well as ...
rather; better; instead; if anything
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
principal occupation; core business
to lend; to loan; to rent out; to hire out
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
amount of money; sum of money
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
depending on; dependent on
interest (on a loan, deposit, etc.)
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
profit; gains; benefit; advantage; grace (of God, Buddha, etc.) (esp. as attained through rightful actions, prayer, adherence to one's faith, etc.); blessing
to raise; to elevate; to do up (one's hair); to fly (a kite, etc.); to launch (fireworks, etc.); to land (a boat); to deep-fry
trade; business; commerce; occupation; calling; profession
basics; fundamentals; basis; foundation
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
to have troubles; to have concerns
people; men and women; each person; everybody
to be able to manage somehow or another
interrogative sentence-ending particle expressing doubt
in that way; thus; so; so?
to say; to speak; to tell; to talk
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as