indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
origin; source; base; basis; cause; ingredient; material
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
ebook; e-book; electronic book; digital book
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
truth; reality; sincerity; honesty; content; substance
book; volume; this; present; main; head
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
external character; user-defined character; kanji not included in the jōyō or jinmeiyō list; foreign letters (esp. of a western language); foreign writing
use; application; employment; utilization; utilisation
chapter one; first chapter
testimony; (verbal) evidence
chapter; section; medal; badge; insignia
table; chart; list; memorial to an emperor
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to collect (debts); to dun; to appoint; to promote; to emphasize; to focus on
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to accomplish; to finish; to fulfill
intention; plan; belief; assumption; estimate; estimation
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
in the first place; to begin with; after all; anyway; beginning; start
zealous; enthusiastic; ardent; fervent; keen; eager
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
term; terminology; wording; choice of words; phraseology
meaning; significance; sense
accurate; correct; precise; exact
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
understanding; comprehension; appreciation; sympathy
at the most; at best; to the utmost; as much as possible; as much as one can
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to get involved (with); to begin (with); to have a hand (in)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then