change in pronunciation or meaning of a word; sound change; word with an altered pronunciation or meaning; turning or twisting part of a text (in Chinese poetry)
chapter; section; medal; badge; insignia
Common Era; CE; Christian Era; Western (Gregorian) calendar
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
July; seventh month of the lunar calendar
sixth day of the month; six days
metre; meter; meter; gauge
width; breadth; freedom (e.g. of thought); latitude; gap; difference (e.g. in price)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to boast of; to be proud of; to take pride in
turtle (esp. a sea turtle); turtleneck sweater
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
twelve; 12; queen (playing card)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
class; level; stratum; layer; hierarchy
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
although I say; although one might say; although called
of course; certainly; naturally
than; from; out of; except; but; more
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
small; little; slight; below average (in degree, amount, etc.); low (e.g. sound); soft (e.g. voice)
number; edition; sobriquet; pen-name; size (of printing types, canvases, knitting needles, etc.); suffix attached to names of ships, trains, airplanes, etc.
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
deck (e.g. ship, tape, cassette, observation, train vestibule)
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
just a minute; small quantity
luxury; extravagance; to live in luxury; to indulge oneself; lavish (use of something); abundant
to take; to pick up; to pass; to hand; to get; to obtain; to adopt (a method, proposal, etc.)
direction; way; person; lady; method of; manner of; care of ...
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do