indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
corridor; hallway; passageway
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
shadow; silhouette; reflection; image; ominous sign; light (stars, moon)
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
neck; head; dismissal; discharge
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to hang; to suspend; to dangle; to swing; to carry
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
a short while ago; a moment ago; just now; some time ago
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to drain; to pour; to wash away; to distribute (e.g. electricity over wires, music over a PA system, etc.); to circulate; to cruise (e.g. taxi); to float
to get; to earn; to understand; to comprehend; to receive something undesirable (e.g. a punishment); to get (ill)
now; the present time; just now; another; more
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
together with; as X, then Y (e.g. as we age we gain wisdom, as wine matures it becomes more valuable, etc.)
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
voice; singing (of a bird); chirping (of an insect); voice; opinion (as expressed in words); sound; sense (of something's arrival)
like; similar to; (I) think (that); (I) have a feeling (that); feels like; feels similar to
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
to be heard; to be audible; to be said to be; to be reputed
clear; obvious; evident; bright; light
so far; up to now; hitherto; that's enough (for today); it ends here
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
atmosphere; mood; a certain air; presence; (Earth's) atmosphere
to differ (from); to vary; to not be in the usual condition; to not match the correct (answer, etc.); to be different from promised; isn't it?
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to weigh on one's mind; to bother one; to be interested (in); to be curious (about); to feel like (doing); to feel inclined to
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to attach; to join; to furnish (a house with); to wear; to put on; to keep a diary; to make an entry
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
voice; speech; sound of a voice; sound (e.g. of a TV)
gradually (progress into a state); in sequence; in order; in turn
something; some; somehow; for some reason; (is there) something (you want, etc.)
to express in a refined fashion; to weave a web of words
to start; to begin; to start up (a business, society, etc.); to open (e.g. a store); to start ...; to begin to ...