head; chief; merit; strong point; superiority; major
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
you (people); gentlemen; ladies and gentlemen; my friends
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
pupil; student; schoolchild
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to stand in a row (e.g. shops on a street); to line in a row; to line; to be equal to; to be on a par with
new student; freshman; first-year student
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
ear; hearing; edge; crust; selvedge (non-fray machined edge of fabrics); selvage
to apply pressure from above; to press down; to overwhelm; to overpower; to repress
to resound; to echo; to reverberate
cold (to the touch); chilly; icy; (emotionally) cold; coldhearted; unfeeling
voice; singing (of a bird); chirping (of an insect); voice; opinion (as expressed in words); sound; sense (of something's arrival)
on a stage; on a platform; on an altar
to stand; to rise; to find oneself (e.g. in a difficult position); to depart (on a plane, train, etc.)
mouth; opening; hole; mouth (of a bottle); spout; gate; door
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
heart; guts; nerve; central part
eagle (Accipitridae family)
to seize; to catch; to obtain; to acquire; to understand; to grasp
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
language; dialect; word; phrase; speech; (manner of) speaking
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to fire (gun, arrow, questions, etc.); to shoot; to set free; to release; to emit (e.g. light); to give off (e.g. a scent)
comparatively; relatively