indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to sing; to sing (one's praises in a poem, etc.); to compose a poem; to recite a poem
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be born; to come into the world
to give birth; to bear (child); to lay (eggs); to produce; to yield; to give rise to
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
song; singing; classical Japanese poem (esp. tanka); modern poetry
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
long ago; already; a long time ago
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
skylark (Alauda arvensis)
without; unless; have to do
to subsist; to keep on living
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
to bear; to stand; to restrain; to control; to forgive; to put up with
chase; pursuit; tracking; following up; tracing
character (in a play or novel); dramatis personae
king; ruler; tycoon; magnate; king (of the senior player)
count; earl; chief official of the Department of Worship; (arch.) eldest brother; Brazil; Brazilian
daughter; girl (i.e. a young, unmarried woman)
origin; source; base; basis; cause; ingredient; material
lady attendant; lady's maid; waiting maid
wind; breeze; manner; behaviour; cold; influenza
samurai on horseback; (medieval) knight
first; foremost; most important; best; greatest; above all
counter for stories, episodes of TV series, etc.
Paloh (Malaysia); Paro (Bhutan)
secret; private; surreptitious
hand; arm; forepaw; foreleg; handle; hand; worker
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
going on ahead; forestalling; anticipating; arrival before another
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question