indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to visit; to call on; to arrive (season, time, situation, etc.); to come; (arch.) to make a sound; (arch.) to send a letter
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to end; to come to an end; to close; to finish
first; firstly; first of all; Introduction; Preface
to come near; to approach; to be on the verge of; to be about to; to overhang; to hang over
time; season; period; phase; stage
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to descend (e.g. a mountain); to go down; to alight (e.g. from bus); to get off; to step down; to retire; to be granted
leather; leather-bound; leathern
bag; satchel; briefcase; basket
hand; arm; forepaw; foreleg; handle; hand; worker
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
railway station; train station; staging post on a highway (in pre-modern Japan); counter for railway stations and bus stations
corridor; gallery; platform; passageway
to stand; to rise; to find oneself (e.g. in a difficult position); to depart (on a plane, train, etc.)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
a lot; lots; enough; sufficient; enough; too many
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
restless; fidgety; in a hurry
to come and go; to go back and forth
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
to strike against; to collide with; to encounter; to meet; to clash
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
as expected; sure enough; after all (is said and done); in the end; too; also
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
a few years ago; some years back
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to live; to get along; to spend (time)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
a long time (since the last time); first in a long time
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
tumult; great noise; clatter; hustle and bustle
as expected; sure enough; after all (is said and done); in the end; too; also
small quantity; little; little while; short distance