sign of life; human presence; humanity; humaneness
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
because ...; for ...; the reason being ...; as for ...; when it comes to ...; regarding ...
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
holding (a conference, exhibition, etc.); opening; hosting (e.g. the Olympics)
limit; limits; degree; extent; the end; the last; as long as ...
everyday; daily; ordinary; usual; routine; regular
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to detach; to decapitate; to cut loose; to let loose; to dismember
silence; stillness; quietness
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
myself; yourself; I; me; you
with the exception of; excepting; excluding
everyone; anyone; no one; nobody
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
where ... is concerned; when it becomes; if it becomes
still more; even more; all the more; still less; even less
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
method; manner; appearance; air; tendency; folk song (genre of the Shi Jing)
leaf; blade (of grass); (pine) needle
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to rub against; to chafe; to quarrel
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
approximately; about; to (about) the extent that; (almost) enough that; as ... as ...; like
to be heard; to be audible; to be said to be; to be reputed
sky; the air; weather; far-off place; distant place; state of mind; feeling
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
gradually; steadily; slowly; little by little; step by step; by degrees
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be dyed; to be tainted; to be infected; to be stained
while; even though; despite
existing (at the present moment); alright; acceptable; to be (usu. of inanimate objects); to have
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
near; close; close (in time); soon; close (relationship); friendly
period of time; time slot; time zone
guest; visitor; customer; client; counter for containers used to entertain guests
everything; all; the whole; entirely; completely; wholly
to return; to come home; to leave; to get home; to get to home plate
new; novel; fresh; recent; latest; up-to-date