indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
surface; face; outside; exterior; appearances; superficiality
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
slowly; unhurriedly; easily (e.g. in time); well; well (e.g. sleep); comfortably
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
rain; rainy day; rainy weather; the November suit (in hanafuda)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to run off (fluid); to run down; to flow down
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
umbrella; parasol; something shaped like an umbrella or a conical hat; shade (of a lamp); mushroom cap
to hit; to strike; to strike (noon, etc.); to sound (cymbals, etc.); to beat (rhythmically, e.g. pulse, waves, etc.); to move; to impress
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
tender; kind; gentle; graceful; affectionate; amiable
somewhere; anywhere; in some respects
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to sing; to chirp; to twitter
to be heard; to be audible; to be said to be; to be reputed
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
(a) little; (a) few; slight; only; just; merely
minute (unit of time); fun (one tenth of a monme, 5.787 grains)
city; Tokyo Metropolitan Assembly
scenery; scene; landscape; scene (e.g. of a crime)
before one knows; before one becomes aware of; unnoticed; unawares
(in the) neighbourhood; neighborhood; around; about; for instance; say
deep; profound; dense; thick; close (relationship); intense; strong
figure; form; appearance; dress; state; condition
to change; to alter; to transform; to reform; to revise; to amend
car; automobile; vehicle; wheel
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
town; block; street; road; 109.09 m; 0.99 hectares
tumult; great noise; clatter; hustle and bustle
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
air; atmosphere; mood; situation; someone with no presence; someone who doesn't stand out at all
to become clear (water, air, etc.); to become transparent; to resonate clearly (e.g. voice); to become serene; to become tranquil; to pronounce as an unvoiced sound
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
deep (colour); dark; strong (flavour, smell, etc.); thick (consistency); dense; strong (possibility, etc.)
green; greenery (esp. fresh verdure)
aroma; fragrance; scent; smell
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to fill; to become full (of); to wax (of the moon); to rise (of the tide); to flow; to expire (of a period of time)
to smoke (e.g. fire); to billow smoke; to smoulder; to be hazy; to look dim