person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
to advance; to go forward; to precede; to go ahead (of); to make progress; to improve; to deepen
road; path; route; way; distance; journey; road (e.g. to victory)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
by all means; at any cost; whether (one is) willing or not; willingly or unwillingly; on no account; by no means
to become settled; to be fixed
result; consequence; coming to fruition; bearing fruit; as a result; consequently
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to arrive at (after a struggle); to finally reach; to find one's way to; to finally hit on (e.g. an idea)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
in advance; beforehand; previously
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
route; course; path; one's future course (e.g. after graduating high school)
to be separated; to be apart; to leave; to go away; to leave (a job, etc.); to quit
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to change; to be transformed; to move to; to be different; to be uncommon
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to (take out and) show; to demonstrate; to point out (finger, clock hand, needle, etc.); to indicate; to show
to give; to confer; to bestow; to kindly do for one; to oblige; to favour
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
just like that; quite so; I agree; (lit.) that street
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to say; to speak; to tell; to talk
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
clerk; secretary; writing down; putting on record