heaven and earth; top and bottom
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
one; 1; best; first; foremost; beginning; start
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor
to be decided; to be settled; to be unchanging; to be the same (as always); to be a fixed rule; to be destined; to be well executed (of a manoeuvre in a sport, game, etc.)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
honorific/polite/humble prefix
figure; design; twill weave; pattern of diagonal stripes; style (of writing); figure (of speech); design
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
above; up; top; summit; surface; before; previous
wedding; bridal procession; marriage into a family
to carry; to transport; to come; to go; to wield (a tool, etc.); to use
necessary; needed; essential; necessity; need; requirement
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
hand; arm; forepaw; foreleg; handle; hand; worker
to stretch; to extend; to straighten out; to be flattened; to spread (of paint, cream, etc.); to stretch out (e.g. of a hand); to extend
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
what kind of; what sort of; what; no matter what (kind of); whatever; any
obstacle; hindrance; impediment; difficulty
to produce; to yield; to cause; to result from; to arise; to be generated
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
lady's pin money (pocket money); payment to a cosmetician; cosmetic material; dowry (Edo period)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
kan (obs. unit of weight, approx. 3.75 kg, 8.3 lb); kan (obs. unit of currency, equiv. to 1000 mon in the Edo period; col. 10 mon in the Meiji period); counter for pieces of sushi; 10 points; 12 points
carrying out one's duties; ruling a fief; ruling a territory given by one's liege; territory given by one's liege; fief
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
bringing; taking; carrying
unhappiness; sorrow; misfortune; death (usu. of a relative); bereavement
daughter; girl (i.e. a young, unmarried woman)
period; epoch; the times; those days; oldness; ancientness
how much; something over; and something; however (much); no matter how
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to make up for; to compensate for; to indemnify; to recompense; to redeem (e.g. a fault); to atone for
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
furthermore; again; after all; more and more; moreover; even more
to stand; to rise; to find oneself (e.g. in a difficult position); to depart (on a plane, train, etc.)