indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
far; distant; distant (past); remote (in time); distant (relationship or kinship); having little to do (with someone); far (from something else in quality, degree, etc.)
to be separated; to be apart; to leave; to go away; to leave (a job, etc.); to quit
northern part; the north (of a region)
remote region; frontier (district); border(land)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
taste for the simple and quiet; rustic simplicity; austere refinement; enjoyment of a quiet life
party; set; gang; company; person
town; block; downtown; main street; street; road
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
early summer; fourth month of the lunar calendar
south wind; southerly wind; (arch.) summer
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to blow through; to blow across
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to arrive at; to reach; to sit on; to sit at (e.g. the table)
beginning; outset; first; onset
to smoke; to breathe in; to suck; to sip; to absorb; to soak up
air; atmosphere; mood; situation; someone with no presence; someone who doesn't stand out at all
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
flower; blossom; cherry blossom; beauty; blooming (esp. of cherry blossoms); ikebana; hanafuda
sweet-tasting; sweet; fragrant (smelling); sweet (music); lightly salted; light in salt; naive
to smell; to smell of; to have a smell
about; roughly; generally; on the whole; completely; quite
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
aroma; fragrance; scent; smell
first generation; founder
Metropolis (of Tokyo); (Tokyo) Metropolitan District; counter for cities and towns; capital
main street (esp. in a capital); main thoroughfare; (arch.) most important of the three classes of highway (ritsuryo period)
book; volume; this; present; main; head
tree; shrub; bush; wood; timber
to plant; to grow; to insert; to transplant; to inoculate (e.g. an infectious agent); to instill (idea, value, etc.)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
since then; from that time; ever since
Engi era (901.7.15-923.4.11)