north; the North; northern territories; North Korea; (arch.) north wind
region; limits; stage; level
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
voice; singing (of a bird); chirping (of an insect); voice; opinion (as expressed in words); sound; sense (of something's arrival)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
approximately; about; promise; appointment; shortening; reduction
10,000; ten thousand; myriad; everything; all; (arch.) various
3000; three thousand; many
Engi era (901.7.15-923.4.11)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
twelve; 12; queen (playing card)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
few; a little; scarce; insufficient; seldom
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
to enter; to go into; to break into; to join; to enroll; to contain; to hold
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
low (rank, degree, value, content, quality, etc.); low (position); close to the ground; short (height); deep (voice); in a low key
largest class; top category
scale; scope; plan; structure
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
fortress; stronghold; citadel
town; city; municipal; urban
important; momentous; essential; principal; major
position; location; base; point; site
at the same time as; while; as well as (multiple roles)
earth; ground; place; territory; bottom (of a package, book, etc.); earth (one of the five elements)
town; block; downtown; main street; street; road
market (financial, stock, domestic, etc.); marketplace; exchange; (street) market
many; much; majority (of); greater part (of); mostly; mainly
people; men and women; each person; everybody
to be crowded with people; to be bustling with; to prosper; to flourish; to do thriving business
daytime; during the day; Japan and China
goes without saying; needless to say; obvious
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others