Engi era (901.7.15-923.4.11)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
throughout; over a period of ...; over a span of ...
hostility; antagonism; opposition
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
stronghold; inner citadel; base; headquarters
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
domination; rule; direction; management; control (e.g. over one's emotions); determining (e.g. one's fate)
continent; continental Asia (esp. mainland China); continental Europe
northwestern part; the northwest
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to spread (out); to extend; to stretch; to reach to; to get around; to fill (e.g. a space)
large; big; great; prominent; -sized; as big as; university
Hellin; Ellin; Elyn; Erin
earth; ground; place; territory; bottom (of a package, book, etc.); earth (one of the five elements)
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
elevation; height above sea level
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
high; tall; expensive; high-priced; high (level); above average (in degree, quality, etc.)
remainder; remnant; (not) very; (not) much; too much; excessively
rain; rainy day; rainy weather; the November suit (in hanafuda)
to fall (of rain, snow, ash, etc.); to come down; to form (of frost); to beam down (of sunlight or moonlight); to pour in; to visit (of luck, misfortune, etc.)
for; for the sake of; to one's advantage; because of; as a result of
to be raised (e.g. child); to be brought up; to grow (up)
north; the North; northern territories; North Korea; (arch.) north wind
to rise (of a building, mountain, etc.); to tower; to soar
Mt.; Mount; (fig.) Mt.; (fig.) Mount
snowmelt; meltwater; melted snow
to flow down; to run down
along; parallel to; in accordance with
sparse; thin; scattered; straggling; sporadic
to grow; to spring up; to sprout; to cut (teeth)
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you