elementary school; primary school; school for children over eight years old in ancient China; traditional Chinese philology
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
travelling incognito (traveling); special palanquin for carrying a daimyo or his wife incognito
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
taste (in goods, etc.); manners; etiquette; modesty; restraint; knowledge, experience (of the arts, etc.)
volume (of book); reel (of film); scroll (of books or paintings); roll (paper, etc.)
yen (Japanese monetary unit); circle
illustration; picture; sketch; drawing; figure
mouthful; morsel; gulp; sip; one word; in short
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
although I say; although one might say; although called
various; all sorts of; variety of; (arch.) various colors (colours)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
for example; for instance; e.g.
holiness; sacredness; sanctity; dignity
imperial government; imperialism; monarchical rule
like; similar to; as with; in the same way
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
old; aged; long; since long ago; of the distant past; long-ago
dominion; territory; possession
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
big; large; loud; extensive; spacious; important
large country; major nation; great power; province of the highest rank (ritsuryo system)
once; before; formerly; never yet; never before; first time
large; big; great; prominent; -sized; as big as; university
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
like; similar to; (I) think (that); (I) have a feeling (that); feels like; feels similar to
continent; continental Asia (esp. mainland China); continental Europe
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
people; race; nation; ethnic group; ethnos
by means of; due to; because of; according to
different race; different ethnic group; different peoples
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
space (between); gap; period of time (during, while); duration; between (two parties or things); among (a group); relations (between)
to hold between (e.g. one's fingers, chopsticks); to grip (from both sides); to put between; to sandwich between; to catch (e.g. a finger in a door); to trap; to insert (e.g. a break into proceedings)
as a matter of fact; actually; effectively; in reality; in effect