indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
long (distance, length); long (time); protracted; prolonged
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
as expected; sure enough; after all (is said and done); in the end; too; also
regret; repentance; remorse
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
to recall; to remember; to recollect
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
reflection; reconsideration; introspection; regret; repentance; remorse
in that way; thus; so; so?
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
a lot; lots; enough; sufficient; enough; too many
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
no!; no no!; no, not at all
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
various; all sorts of; variety of; (arch.) various colors (colours)
for example; for instance; e.g.
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
splendid; nice; sufficient; fine (in the sense of "I'm fine"); well enough; OK
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
approximately; about; to (about) the extent that; (almost) enough that; as ... as ...; like
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
at that time; at that moment; then; on that occasion
occasionally; once in a while; seldom; casually; unexpectedly; accidentally
companion; partner; other party; addressee; opponent (sports, etc.)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
around there; near there; or thereabouts; or so; such a matter; such a thing
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
recruitment; invitation; raising (funds, donations, etc.); collection; flotation (of shares, loans, etc.)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
participation; joining; entry; adherence
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
twelve; 12; queen (playing card)