indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
female; woman; female sex; female lover; girlfriend; mistress
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
incidentally; taking the opportunity; while (you) are at it; on the occasion
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
misrepresentation; false statement
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
confession; acknowledgement; acknowledgment
depending on; as soon as; immediately after; as (e.g. "as one is told", "as one wishes"); whatever (e.g. "whatever is at hand"); order; program
pure white; blank (e.g. mind, paper)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
frame; framework; border; box; limit; restriction; category
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
Japanese writing paper (lined with a square grid, one square per character); manuscript paper
how; in what way; how about
benefit; use; good; profit; gains
body; physique; shape; form; substance; identity; field
to bury (e.g. in the ground); to fill up (e.g. audience fills a hall); to cause to be packed; to plug (a gap); to stop (a gap); to make up for (a loss, shortage, etc.); to make amends
to cut; to cut through; to sever (connections, ties); to turn off (e.g. the light); to terminate (e.g. a conversation); to hang up (the phone); to punch (a ticket)
I wonder; do you think?; I might; some kind; some stage; somehow
by means of; due to; because of; according to
language; dialect; word; phrase; speech; (manner of) speaking
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
to wind; to coil; to envelope; to shroud; to outflank; to skirt
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
Nichiren chant; (an empty) slogan
mind; heart; spirit; the meaning of a phrase (riddle, etc.)
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
something; some; somehow; for some reason; (is there) something (you want, etc.)
I don't know ...; how about ...?; I wonder; what about ..?
emergency; extraordinary; unusual