prefix for forming ordinal numbers
counter for stories, episodes of TV series, etc.
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
before one's eyes; in front of one; under one's nose; immediate; imminent; around the corner
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to stand; to rise; to find oneself (e.g. in a difficult position); to depart (on a plane, train, etc.)
white horse; unrefined sake
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
other (place, thing, person); the rest; outside; beyond; nothing except; nothing but
horse; horse racing; promoted bishop
in comparison to; rather than
one turn; one round; (a) size; to go around; to make a circuit; twelve years
big; large; loud; extensive; spacious; important
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
splendid; fine; praiseworthy; creditable; legal; legitimate
body; physique; build; stature
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
coat (of hair or fur); lie of (dog's) hair; type; sort; lineage; breeding
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
care; looking after; repair; (police) raid; crackdown
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be scrupulous; to be attentive; to be prudent; to be complete; to be thorough
to descend (e.g. a mountain); to go down; to alight (e.g. from bus); to get off; to step down; to retire; to be granted
glossy (e.g. hair); sleek; shiny; lustrous
to shine; to glitter; to sparkle
stain; spot; smudge; spot (on one's skin, e.g. chloasma, liver spot); blemish; discoloration
one; for one thing; only; (not) even; just (e.g. "just try it"); some kind of; one type of
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
body; torso; trunk; build; physique; health
what kind of; what sort of; what; no matter what (kind of); whatever; any
far away; distant place; long ago; far back; by far
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
glance; look; glimpse; complete view; bird's-eye view
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
splendid; magnificent; utter (esp. defeat); total; (arch.) something worth seeing; (arch.) sight
until now; so far; up to the present
(something) has never occurred; to have never done (something); such a thing has not happened; never happens; there is never a time when
competing; competition; auction
to take out; to get out; to put out; to reveal; to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in; to publish
highest ever; record-high; highest on record
(picture) frame; framed picture; amount (esp. of money); sum
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to