indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
bad; poor; poor (quality); inferior; evil; sinful; ugly
always; all the time; never; usual; regular
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
to get used to; to grow accustomed to; to become skilled in; to become experienced at; to become tame; to become domesticated
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
perhaps; probably; generous; many; much
cruel; heartless; violent; intense; very bad; terrible
to dream (i.e. while asleep); to have a dream; to dream (of the future); to have a fleeting experience
(I) think (that); (I) have a feeling (that); (I) fancy (that)
first of all; at once; right away; for now; for the time being
worst; horrible; horrid; in the worst case; if worst comes to worst
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
before one's eyes; in front of one; under one's nose; immediate; imminent; around the corner
dark; gloomy; depressed; dispirited; dark (in colour); dull; ill-boding
total darkness; pitch dark; bleak future; poor prospects
low (rank, degree, value, content, quality, etc.); low (position); close to the ground; short (height); deep (voice); in a low key
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
something; some; somehow; for some reason; (is there) something (you want, etc.)
to stream; to flow (liquid, time, etc.); to be washed away; to be carried; to drift; to float (e.g. clouds); to sweep (e.g. rumour, fire)
is that so? (generally rhetorical)
to recall; to remember; to recollect
cum (e.g. bedroom-cum-study); holding both roles (e.g. Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs); and; in addition; concurrently; at the same time
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
minidisc; MD; missile defense; MD; magnetic disk; MD
equipping; installing; fitting; mounting; putting on
recently; lately; these days; nearest; closest
to fit; to get into; to be fit for (a job, etc.); to be suited for; to fall into; to plunge into
end; close; conclusion; termination
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality