indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
morning; breakfast; (arch.) next morning
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
rain; rainy day; rainy weather; the November suit (in hanafuda)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to continue to rain or snow
(not) so; (not) particularly; (not) very; (not) that much
strong; potent; strong; brawny; good (at); skilled; being able to handle
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
cold (to the touch); chilly; icy; (emotionally) cold; coldhearted; unfeeling
in comparison to; rather than
severe; strict; hard (to do); difficult; intense (e.g. cold); harsh (weather)
seeming ...; appearing ...; -ish; like a ...; typical of ...
to that extent; accordingly; that being the case; that state; that condition
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be affected; to be influenced; to be concerned with; to have to do with; to stick to (opinions)
technology; engineering; technique; skill; art; craft
appearing ...; looking ...; way to ...; method of ...ing; form; style
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
room; chamber; apartment; flat; stable
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
extent; degree; limit; bounds; (span of) time; (a) distance; the state of
cold (e.g. weather); uninteresting (esp. joke); lame; dull
always; all the time; never; usual; regular
to get up; to rise; to wake up; to be awake; to occur (usu. of unfavourable incidents); to happen
time; hour; period; class
than; from; out of; except; but; more
small quantity; little; little while; short distance
fast; quick; early (in the day, etc.); premature; (too) soon; not yet
to wake up; to sober up; to come to one's senses; to become enlightened
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
motionlessly (e.g. stand, wait); (be) still; fixedly (e.g. gaze, stare); intently (e.g. listen, think); patiently (endure); stoically
ceiling; ceiling price; (price) ceiling
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to stare at; to gaze at; to look hard at; to watch intently; to fix one's eyes on
immediately; at once; soon; before long; easily; readily
next (to); adjoining; adjacent; house next door; neighbouring house; next-door neighbour