indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
red; crimson; Red; communist; (arch.) beautiful
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to lie down; to stretch out; to lie ahead (of danger, difficulty, etc.); to lie in wait
fire built in an iron basket (watch fire, fishing fire, etc.); bonfire; campfire; (arch.) brothel-keeper (Edo period)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to float; to be suspended; to rise to the surface; to appear; to come to mind; to have inspiration
scenery; scene; landscape; scene (e.g. of a crime)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
contour; outline; summary; outline; looks; features
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to trace (drawing); to follow; to imitate; to copy; to reproduce
glossy (e.g. hair); sleek; shiny; lustrous
to polish; to shine; to brush (e.g. teeth); to refine (e.g. a skill); to improve; to cultivate
stone; jewel; precious stone; flint (in a lighter); stone (in go); stone (in the bladder, kidney etc.); calculus
corridor; gallery; hallway; cloister (i.e. covered walk typically circling a building or garden, esp. in a palace or place of worship)
to shine on; to illuminate; to compare (with); to refer to
flame; blaze; flames (of intense emotion, e.g. love, jealousy, anger); passion
somewhere; anywhere; in some respects
to be dyed; to be tainted; to be infected; to be stained
to swing; to sway; to shake; to waver; to feel shaken; to become unstable
to project; to show; to portray; to depict; to describe
shadow; silhouette; reflection; image; ominous sign; light (stars, moon)
thin; pale; light; watery; thin; weak (taste, etc.); little (affection, etc.) not much (of a presence)
deep (colour); dark; strong (flavour, smell, etc.); thick (consistency); dense; strong (possibility, etc.)
to wriggle; to squirm; to crawl like a worm
air; atmosphere; mood; situation; someone with no presence; someone who doesn't stand out at all
to be clear (of a sight, sound, colour, etc.); to be bright; to be clear-headed; to be alert; to look upbeat; to be perky; to master (a skill)
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to become clear (water, air, etc.); to become transparent; to resonate clearly (e.g. voice); to become serene; to become tranquil; to pronounce as an unvoiced sound
to cross over; to go across; to extend; to cover; to range
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
nicely; properly; frequently; often; I'm glad that you ...; thank you for ...
to resound; to be heard far away; to reverberate; to shake; to come (home); to remain (with someone)
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
night air; stillness of night; cool evening
to get on (train, plane, bus, ship, etc.); to get in; to get on (e.g. a footstool); to step on; to reach; to go over; to follow
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
comfort; ease; easy; simple; (economically) comfortable; raku pottery