indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well...; I think...
in that way; thus; so; so?
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...; did not ...
usual; normal; everyday; usually; normally; generally
state; state of affairs; appearance; look; sign; indication
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to think (about, of); to think over; to consider; to bear in mind; to think (that); to believe; to intend (to do)
extent; degree; limit; bounds; (span of) time; (a) distance; the state of
inarticulate; not making oneself quite clear; slurring one's words; evasive
tone (of voice); manner of talking
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
language; dialect; word; phrase; speech; (manner of) speaking
to become muddy; to become cloudy; to become dull (of a sound, color, etc.); to become hoarse; to become impure (of a heart, society, etc.); to be corrupted
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
front; frontage; facade; main
to stand; to rise; to find oneself (e.g. in a difficult position); to depart (on a plane, train, etc.)
reverse; opposite; converse (of a hypothesis, etc.); inverse (function)
unusual; rare; new; novel; fine (e.g. gift)
alone; by oneself; on one's own
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
together; at the same time; same; identical
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
opposite side; other side; over there; that way; the other party; the other person
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
confluence (of rivers); merge (of traffic); conflux; union (e.g. of forces); linking up; merging
arrangements; plan; programme; program; preparations
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
immediately; as soon as possible; as quickly as possible
to collect; to gather; to arrange; to put in order; to make uniform; to make even
to branch; to fork; to separate; to split; to disperse; to scatter
should; must; -able; probably; likely
now (when it is already much too late); at this stage; afresh; anew; again
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
to lose one's way; to get lost; to waver; to hesitate; to give into temptation; to lose control of oneself
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
bitter smile; wry smile; strained laugh; sarcastic laugh