indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to lock up; to shut up; to imprison
escape; break-out; prolapse; proptosis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to aim at (for, to do, to become); to try for; to have an eye on; to go toward; to head for
please (give me); please (do for me)
cavern; grotto; rock cave
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
sound of the wind; voice of the wind
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be heard; to be audible; to be said to be; to be reputed
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
ceiling; ceiling price; (price) ceiling
drip; fall drop-by-drop; suddenly (of drops of water)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
water (esp. cool, fresh water, e.g. drinking water); fluid (esp. in an animal tissue); liquid; flood; floodwaters; water offered to wrestlers just prior to a bout
to hang; to droop; to give (e.g. lesson, instruction, scolding) (to someone of lower status); to confer; to drip; to ooze; to leave behind (at death)
to fall down; to drop; to be omitted; to be missing; to decrease; to sink; to fail (e.g. exam or class)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
growing en masse in one location (of plants); living gregariously (of animals); living in flocks, herds, colonies, etc.; all animate creation
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
dimly; faintly; absentmindedly; vacantly; idly; aimlessly
to shine; to glitter; to be bright
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
place; location; room; space; basho; wrestling tournament
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
appearing ...; looking ...; way to ...; method of ...ing; form; style
hand; arm; forepaw; foreleg; handle; hand; worker
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
sword (esp. a large, double-edged one); blade; bayonet; swordsmanship; stinger; ovipositor
to wear (in modern Japanese, from the shoulders down); to put on; to bear (guilt, etc.)
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
face; visage; look; expression; honor; honour
to exchange glances; to look at each other; to postpone; to put off; to contrast; to compare
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend