figure; form; appearance; dress; state; condition
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
past middle age; nearing old age; near-elderly; age 40
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
woman; female; feminine gender
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
sad; miserable; unhappy; sad; lamentable; deplorable
eye; eyeball; eyesight; sight; look; stare; notice
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to stare at; to gaze at; to look hard at; to watch intently; to fix one's eyes on
end; conclusion; last; final; no sooner than; once
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
to reconsider; to rethink; to reassess
not feeling like doing ...; having no mind to ...; being in no mood for ...; having no intention of ...
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
what kind of; what sort of; what; no matter what (kind of); whatever; any
to lament; to grieve; to regret; to deplore
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
voice; singing (of a bird); chirping (of an insect); voice; opinion (as expressed in words); sound; sense (of something's arrival)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
nicely; properly; frequently; often; I'm glad that you ...; thank you for ...
to be seen; to be in sight; to look; to seem; to come
this way; this direction; here; this (one); I; me
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
youthful; young; young-looking
to overflow; to brim over; to flood
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
greeting; greetings; speech (congratulatory or appreciative); address; reply; response; revenge
to finish; to end; to merely result in something less severe than expected; to feel at ease; to feel unease or guilt for troubling someone; to be sorry
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
that child; that kid; that boy; (arch.) you
near; close; beside; third person
your Highness; his Highness; her Highness
to be lucky; to be in luck; to be attached; to have; to be included