illustration appearing in the first pages of a publication; frontispiece
text (of a book, document, etc.); body (of a letter); this passage; this sentence
illustration; picture; sketch; drawing; figure
supervision; control; superintendence; director; superintendent; supervisor
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
question; inquiry; enquiry
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
bad; poor; poor (quality); inferior; evil; sinful; ugly
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to creep in; to steal in; to sneak in
easy; likely to ...; have a tendency to ...; easy to ...
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
condition; term; requirement; qualification; prerequisite
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
for example; for instance; e.g.
high; tall; expensive; high-priced; high (level); above average (in degree, quality, etc.)
to surround; to encircle; to besiege; to lay siege to; to play (go, shogi, etc.)
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
or; either ... or; maybe; perhaps; some ... and others ...; sometimes ... and at other times ...
adjacency; contiguity; being adjoined
reverse; opposite; converse (of a hypothesis, etc.); inverse (function)
defense; defence; guard; policing; security
to stick; to paste; to stretch; to spread; to form (e.g. ice on a pond); to fill; to swell
business world; business circles; (the) industry
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
various; all sorts of; variety of; (arch.) various colors (colours)
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
actually; really; truly; in practice; practically
simple; plain; uncomplicated; straightforward; simple-minded; naive
that is to say; that is; in short; in brief; clogging; obstruction; shrinkage
landlord; landlady; house owner; home owner; head of the household
whereabouts; place; location; place where one belongs; where one fits in; place where one can be oneself
properly; accurately; exactly; neatly; tidily; orderly
grasp; catch; understanding