indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
straight (ahead); direct; upright; straightforward; honest; frank
to advance; to go forward; to precede; to go ahead (of); to make progress; to improve; to deepen
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to stream; to flow (liquid, time, etc.); to be washed away; to be carried; to drift; to float (e.g. clouds); to sweep (e.g. rumour, fire)
tunnel; to tunnel (through a potential barrier); letting a grounder go through one's legs
to come out; to fall out; to fade; to discolour; to wear a hole (e.g. clothes); to leave (e.g. a meeting); to be clear
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
for a moment; for a minute; for a while; for some time; for the time being; for now
coastline; shoreline; coastal railway
to run; to run (of a vehicle); to drive; to rush (to); to dash; to retreat; to flee
road; path; route; way; distance; journey; road (e.g. to victory)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
instant; moment; for an instant
along the road; at the side of the road
scenery; scene; landscape; scene (e.g. of a crime)
street stall; stand; booth
light; illumination; ray; happiness; hope; influence
to catch sight of; to come into view; to happen to see
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to step on; to tread on; to set foot on (e.g. foreign soil); to stand on; to experience; to undergo; to follow (rules, principles, etc.)
store; shop; establishment; restaurant
car; automobile; vehicle; wheel
to stop; to turn off; to park; to prevent; to suppress (a cough); to stop (someone from doing something); to dissuade
place; location; room; space; basho; wrestling tournament
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
metre; meter; meter; gauge
extent; degree; limit; bounds; (span of) time; (a) distance; the state of
point; tip; head (of a line); front; first; before; (the way) ahead
shoulder (of a road); berm
to descend (e.g. a mountain); to go down; to alight (e.g. from bus); to get off; to step down; to retire; to be granted