indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
piece of junk; worn-out article; clumsy; useless; dismantled car; hitting (with fist)
daughter; girl (i.e. a young, unmarried woman)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
Golden Week (early-May holiday season in Japan)
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
(something) has never occurred; to have never done (something); such a thing has not happened; never happens; there is never a time when
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
apartment building; apartment block; apartment house; apartment
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
in drops; dripping; gently (sloping); sluggishly; endlessly; leisurely
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
time; hour; period; class
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to pass (time); to spend; to overdo (esp. of one's alcohol consumption); to drink (alcohol); (arch.) to take care of; (arch.) to support
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
somehow; how; in what way; why; what kind of
older brother; elder brother; brother (as older-brother figure in friendly and or work relationship); young man; buddy
now; the present time; just now; another; more
spare time; free time; time (e.g. time it takes to do something); time off; day off; quitting (one's job); firing someone
uninterested; unconcerned; plain; light; flowing gently
tone (of voice); manner of talking
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
sour look; surly face; pout
to picture; to come into one's mind; to remember
seeming to be; appearing to be; like; similar to; in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that
super-; ultra-; extremely; really; over; more than
busy; occupied; hectic; restless; hurried; fidgety
tasks; things to do; errand; business (to take care of); affairs; engagement
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)