indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
to approach; to draw near; to get close; to get acquainted with; to get closer to; to get to know
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
natural; reasonable; obvious; usual; common; ordinary
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
to end; to come to an end; to close; to finish
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
what kind of; what sort of; what; no matter what (kind of); whatever; any
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to corner; to drive to the wall; to run down; to track down; to chase after
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
not less than; ... and over; beyond (e.g. one's expectations); above; above-mentioned; aforementioned
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
to live (of humans); to reside; to inhabit; to dwell; to abide
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
should; must; -able; probably; likely
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to be decided; to be settled; to be unchanging; to be the same (as always); to be a fixed rule; to be destined; to be well executed (of a manoeuvre in a sport, game, etc.)
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
to take (a resource, e.g. time or money); to hang; to come into view; to arrive; to come under (a contract, a tax); to start (engines, motors); to attend
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
to spend time (on doing something)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to contain; to comprise; to hold in the mouth; to bear in mind; to understand; to express (emotion, etc.)
close associate; close aide; brains-truster
delicate; minute; fine; detailed; subtle
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
spell; curse; dharani; mantra
to draw; to paint; to depict; to describe; to picture in one's mind; to imagine
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
part; assigning (allotment of) parts; role; duties
ordinary; common; free of charge; unaffected; as is; only
one; for one thing; only; (not) even; just (e.g. "just try it"); some kind of; one type of
originally; primarily; essentially; intrinsically; proper; rightful
inviolability; nonaggression; sacredness