indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
peak period; pinnacle; prime; zenith; glory days
something like ...; something called ...
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
to; for; from the standpoint of; as far as ... is concerned
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
certain; sure; doubtless; I have no doubt; You can depend on it; It's a safe bet
junior high school; middle school; lower secondary school
graduation ceremony; commencement
to end; to come to an end; to close; to finish
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to visit; to call on; to arrive (season, time, situation, etc.); to come; (arch.) to make a sound; (arch.) to send a letter
that day; the very same day
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
near; neighbourhood; nearly (e.g. "it took nearly one year"); close to; shortly; soon
unrequited love; one-sided love
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
companion; partner; other party; addressee; opponent (sports, etc.)
confession; acknowledgement; confession of love; professing one's feelings; confession of sins (e.g. the confessional)
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
happy; glad; pleased; joyful; delightful; gratifying
the place for; the time for; the level of
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor
continuously in some state (for a long time, distance); throughout; much (better, etc.); by far; far away; long ago
to smirk; to grin broadly
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
worry; concern; anxiety; care; help; aid
consultation; discussion; discussing; asking (somebody) for advice
to receive; to get; to catch (e.g. a ball); to be struck by (wind, waves, sunlight, etc.); to sustain (damage); to incur (a loss); to undergo (e.g. surgery)
older sister; elder sister; young lady; miss; ma'am
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
painful; bitter; tough; difficult; cruel; harsh
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work