female; woman; female sex; female lover; girlfriend; mistress
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
preface; foreword; preamble
(full-length) novel; long novel
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
myself; yourself; I; me; you
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to attach; to join; to furnish (a house with); to wear; to put on; to keep a diary; to make an entry
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
remainder; remnant; (not) very; (not) much; too much; excessively
liked; well-liked; in love (with); loved; faddism; eccentricity
great; excellent; very troublesome; awful; tiring; tough
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
seeming like an excuse; seeming like a justification; defensive; in an apologetic tone
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
which way; which direction; which one (esp. of two alternatives); who
potentiality; likelihood; possibility; availability
big; large; loud; extensive; spacious; important
that's the way it is; such is life
as much as one can; as much as possible; if at all possible
to write; to compose; to pen; to draw; to paint
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
to keep in mind; to bear in mind; to try; to aim to do; to endeavor; to endeavour
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
related to; in relation to; as far as ... is concerned
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
formation; establishment; conclusion (e.g. of a deal); reaching (e.g. an agreement); being valid (of a theory, argument, etc.); holding
process; course; mechanism
how much; something over; and something; however (much); no matter how
explanation; exposition; description; account; caption; legend
to add; to add up; to increase; to gather (e.g. speed); to include; to count in
to put; to place; to leave (behind); to establish (an organization, a facility, a position, etc.); to set up; to appoint (someone to a certain position); to hire
had better ...; had better not ...
(I) think (that); (I) have a feeling (that); (I) fancy (that)
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
or; either ... or; maybe; perhaps; some ... and others ...; sometimes ... and at other times ...