indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
chapter one; first chapter
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be born and raised (in); to be born and brought up; to be born and bred
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to chase; to run after; to follow (a set order, a trend, etc.); to drive out; to get rid of; to drive (e.g. a herd)
long (distance, length); long (time); protracted; prolonged
to start a journey; to embark on a trip; to set forth; to hit the trail
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
far away; far off; far; long ago; long before
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
I, myself; one-self; by one-self; even I; even one
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
when; at what time; how soon; normal times; ordinary days
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to recall; to remember; to recollect
approximately; about; to (about) the extent that; (almost) enough that; as ... as ...; like
remote past; far ago; time immemorial
day of spring; spring sun
atrocious; fiendish; brutal; villainous
group; crowd; flock; herd; bevy; school
to come along; to come around; to turn up; to arrive at the present; to get where one is; to have been doing something (for a period of time)
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
tree frog (esp. the Japanese tree frog, Hyla japonica)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to change; to be transformed; to move to; to be different; to be uncommon
almost every day; almost daily
companions; friends; comrades; mates; partners
to eat; to live on (e.g. a salary); to live off; to subsist on
many; much; majority (of); greater part (of); mostly; mainly
companions; friends; comrades; mates; partners
to be separated; to be apart; to leave; to go away; to leave (a job, etc.); to quit
the grass; grassy place (esp. with long dense grass)
to take refuge in; to succeed in running away
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
be (that) as it may; having said that