indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to surround; to encircle; to besiege; to lay siege to; to play (go, shogi, etc.)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
next (to); adjoining; adjacent; house next door; neighbouring house; next-door neighbour
eager; earnest; ardent; OFF (on switch)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
early summer; fourth month of the lunar calendar
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
sunlight; rays of the Sun
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
sunlight; sunshine; sunbeams
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
alone; by oneself; on one's own
left hand; left-hand side; left-hand direction; (on) the left
ceremonial sake decanter with a spout and semicircular handle
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
geta; Japanese wooden clogs; turn (in set-type proofing); upside-down character
basket (shopping, etc.); hamper; cage
ice; shaved ice (usually served with flavored simple syrup)
to wrap up; to pack; to cover; to envelop; to conceal (a feeling); to hide
slope; incline; hill; milestone; (age) mark
bottle; jar; decanter; flagon; phial; vial
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to shake; to sway; to waver
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
various; varied; diverse; all sorts of
principle; aim; main purpose; central part; pillar
existence; possession; having; limited company
clique; group; (political) faction; wing; school; sect
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
grave marker; gravestone; headstone; writing on a headstone (name, date of death, etc.)
to line up; to stand in a line; to rival; to match; to equal
light; illumination; ray; happiness; hope; influence
in this way; thus; such; uh...
ring; circle; hoop; wheel; circle (e.g. of friends)
cross; crossed; cruciform
mark; sign; symbol; emblem; badge; crest
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
wing; Chinese "Wings" constellation (one of the 28 mansions); (arch.) counter for birds or bird wings
nicely; properly; frequently; often; I'm glad that you ...; thank you for ...