black; dark; blackish; suspicious; criminal; darkened and dirty; sooty
sea of trees; broad expanse of dense woodland; abundant leafage
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
older sister; elder sister
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
past; after; too (much); over- (e.g. eating)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
apartment building; apartment block; apartment house; apartment
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
surface; face (i.e. the visible side of an object); front (of a building, etc.); obverse side (i.e. "head") of a coin; outside; exterior; appearance
car; automobile; motorcar; motor vehicle; auto
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to hear; to hear by chance; to hear by accident; to catch (the sound)
shoe; shoes; boots; footwear; footgear
hard; solid; stiff; tight; strong; firm (not viscous or easily moved); safe
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
good humour (humor); good mood
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
to work (for); to be employed (at); to serve (as); to act (as); to conduct a religious service
culture; civilization; civilisation; Bunka era (1804.2.11-1818.4.22)
department (in an organization); division; club; part; component; category
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
outside; exterior; the open (air); other place; somewhere else
to walk about; to walk around; to walk to and fro; to pace around; to wander
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
time; hour; period; class
irregularity; unsteadiness; disorderly
slow; time-consuming; late (in the day); towards the end (of the day or night); later (than expected or usual); late
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
company; association; regional Chinese god of the earth (or a village built in its honour); counter for companies, shrines, etc.
car; automobile; vehicle; wheel
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to send (a thing); to dispatch; to take or escort (a person somewhere); to see off (a person); to bid farewell (to the departed); to bury; to spend (time)
to turn back (e.g. half-way); to return; to go back; to recover (e.g. something lost); to be returned; to rebound
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
many; numerous; large amount of; large quantity of; frequent; common