indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
exit; gateway; way out; outlet; vent; leak
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
cavern; cave; cave system; grotto
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to face; to go towards; to head towards
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to guide; to lead; to show the way; to derive; to deduce
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
sacred fire; sacred flame; Olympic flame; Olympic torch
now; the present time; just now; another; more
busy; occupied; hectic; restless; hurried; fidgety
to finish; to end; to merely result in something less severe than expected; to feel at ease; to feel unease or guilt for troubling someone; to be sorry
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
small quantity; little; little while; short distance
asking; enquiring; searching; looking for
from now on; after this; in the future; from here; from this point
field (for fruits, vegetables, etc.); cultivated land; field (of specialization); sphere; womb; birth
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
wrong; not good; hopeless; past hope; must not do
to leave behind; to put off; to postpone
to say; to be called; to do
call; visit; inquiry; enquiry; question
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to appear; to come in sight; to become visible; to be expressed (e.g. emotions); to become apparent (e.g. trends, effects)
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
knowing; (an) acquaintance
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
town; block; street; road; 109.09 m; 0.99 hectares
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis