indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
entrance; entry; gate; approach; mouth
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
tumult; great noise; clatter; hustle and bustle
city; Tokyo Metropolitan Assembly
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
(in a) long time; long time (ago); while (ago); long ago; long while (ago); (in a) long while
to pass through; to pass by; to pass (of time); to elapse; to have expired; to have ended; to exceed
head; hair (on one's head); mind; brains; leader; chief; top
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to return; to come home; to leave; to get home; to get to home plate
intention; plan; belief; assumption; estimate; estimation
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
as is; as it is; as things are; like this; this way; at this rate
next; following; subsequent; stage; station
to start a journey; to embark on a trip; to set forth; to hit the trail
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
inside; within; while (e.g. one is young); during; among; amongst; in (secret, chaos, poverty, etc.)
apartment building; apartment block; apartment house; apartment
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to (happen to) see; to notice; to catch sight of
(for something) to have occurred; to have done (something); (for something) to happen on occasion
like; similar to; (I) think (that); (I) have a feeling (that); feels like; feels similar to
sure; certain; reliable; trustworthy; If I'm not mistaken; If I remember correctly
older sister; elder sister; young lady; miss; ma'am; older girl
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to enter; to go into; to break into; to join; to enroll; to contain; to hold
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
to turn back (e.g. half-way); to return; to go back; to recover (e.g. something lost); to be returned; to rebound
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
a-ha-ha (laughing loudly)
as a matter of fact; by the way; to tell you the truth; to be honest; frankly
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
what with this and that; for a number of reasons
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker