city; Tokyo Metropolitan Assembly
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
how long; how much; to what extent
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
time; hour; period; class
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to shake; to jolt; to rock (cradle); to swing
don't you think?; indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to advance; to go forward; to precede; to go ahead (of); to make progress; to improve; to deepen
to take (someone) with one; to bring along; to go with; to be accompanied by
high-rise building; tower block; skyscraper
to go away; to become more distant; to fade away; to be estranged
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to appear; to come in sight; to become visible; to be expressed (e.g. emotions); to become apparent (e.g. trends, effects)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
small quantity; little; little while; short distance
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to stand; to rise; to find oneself (e.g. in a difficult position); to depart (on a plane, train, etc.)
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
approximately; about; to (about) the extent that; (almost) enough that; as ... as ...; like
to be crowded; to be packed; to be complex
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish
now; the present time; just now; another; more
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
all; completely; totally; entirely; thoroughly
with a clatter; with a rattle; empty; bare; raspy (voice); gravelly; with a gargle
state; condition; situation; appearance; circumstances
or rather (say); or better (say); or perhaps I should say; or, how should I put it; I mean
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
dark; gloomy; depressed; dispirited; dark (in colour); dull; ill-boding
long (distance, length); long (time); protracted; prolonged
tunnel; to tunnel (through a potential barrier); letting a grounder go through one's legs
to come near; to approach; to be on the verge of; to be about to; to overhang; to hang over
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
scenery; scene; landscape
to be lost (e.g. luggage); to be missing; to be used up; to be run out; to disappear (e.g. pain); to be lost (e.g. a dream, confidence)
to close one's eyes; to lower one's eyelids; to shut one's eyes; to die; to breathe one's last
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to come out; to fall out; to fade; to discolour; to wear a hole (e.g. clothes); to leave (e.g. a meeting); to be clear