indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
to smell; to smell of; to have a smell
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
near; close; close (in time); soon; close (relationship); friendly
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to (take out and) show; to demonstrate; to point out (finger, clock hand, needle, etc.); to indicate; to show
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to coil about; to follow about; to surround; to cling to
like; similar to; (I) think (that); (I) have a feeling (that); feels like; feels similar to
earth; soil; the earth (historically, esp. as opposed to the heavens); the ground; low-quality torinoko-gami (containing mud); (period of) refraining from construction in the direction of the god of the earth (in Onmyōdō)
odour; odor; scent; aura; whiff; smacks of ...
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
a short while ago; a moment ago; just now; some time ago
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to blaze down on; to beat down on; to shine down upon
sunlight; rays of the Sun
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
before one knows; before one becomes aware of; unnoticed; unawares
cumulonimbus; gigantic columns of clouds (in summer); thunderhead
shadow; silhouette; reflection; image; ominous sign; light (stars, moon)
to hide; to be hidden; to conceal oneself; to disappear
to reverberate; to resound; to echo; to have one's fame spread; to be renowned
cicada; locust; small-sized pulley
voice; singing (of a bird); chirping (of an insect); voice; opinion (as expressed in words); sound; sense (of something's arrival)
sometimes; at intervals; occasionally; on occasion; from time to time
to cease; to stop; to be over
Japanese zelkova (species of elm-like tree, Zelkowa serrata)
tree; shrub; bush; wood; timber
to shake; to sway; to waver
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
to be heard; to be audible; to be said to be; to be reputed
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
before one's eyes; in front of one; under one's nose; immediate; imminent; around the corner
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah