indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
surface; face; outside; exterior; appearances; superficiality
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
family name; lineage; birth; clan
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
innumerable; countless; numberless
to well (up); to gush forth (of water); to appear (esp. suddenly) (sweat, tears, etc.); to feel emotions from (joy, bravery, etc.); to hatch (esp. of parasitic insects, etc.)
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to form; to shape; to make; to mold; to mould; to build up
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
form; shape; figure; visage
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
to look down (on); to condescend (to)
like; similar to; (I) think (that); (I) have a feeling (that); feels like; feels similar to
to scorn; to despise; to hold in contempt; to look down on; to disdain
decomposition; putrefaction; putrescence; corruption; degeneracy; decay
feeling; sensation; preparedness; readiness; thought; sentiment
bad; poor; poor (quality); inferior; evil; sinful; ugly
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
(not) at all; (not) a bit; (not) in the least; (not) in the slightest
cheerful; merry; sunny; bright (sky, day, etc.); fine; clear
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
easy; trifling; harmless; nothing of the sort; not at all
ordinary; common; free of charge; unaffected; as is; only
displeasure; discomfort; unpleasantness; indisposition; ailment
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
in that way; thus; so; so?
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
while; during; while; although; all; both
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very