if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to cross (legs or arms); to link (arms); to put together; to construct; to braid; to plait; to grapple
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that; to be the result (of); to be the outcome; to be the reason (for)
fast; quick; early (in the day, etc.); premature; (too) soon; not yet
in the meanwhile; during the time
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
various; all sorts of; variety of; (arch.) various colors (colours)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
recently; lately; these days; nearest; closest
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
dealing with; coping with
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
by means of; due to; because of; according to
calamity; disaster; misfortune
level; standard; level (plane); floor; spirit level; (surveyor's) level
(suffering) damage; injury; harm
dramatic decrease; sharp drop; sudden fall
while; even though; despite
grace (of God); benevolence (of Buddha); assistance; help; effects; influence
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
on and after; as from; hereafter; thereafter; since
religious organization; religious organisation
to be conspicuous; to stand out
activity (of a person, organization, animal, volcano, etc.); action; movie (esp. during the silent movie period)
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
instead of; in place of; as a substitute for; in exchange for; in return for; to make up for
news (from somebody); letter; contact; (somebody's) whereabouts; (somebody's) movements
really; truly; indeed; good grief
to seize; to catch; to obtain; to acquire; to understand; to grasp
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to make good one's escape; to escape to a safe place; to make one's getaway; to effect one's escape
prefix for forming ordinal numbers