indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
(a) little; somewhat; somehow
special; particular; extraordinary; exceptional; especial
lover; sweetheart; boyfriend; girlfriend
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to go on a trip; to go out to play; to go and visit (a friend)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
thump-thump; bang-bang; pit-a-pat; to beat fast (of one's heart); to throb; to pound
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
(in) the middle of; (in) the midst of; (in) the course of; (at) the height of
female; woman; female sex; female lover; girlfriend; mistress
tradition; legend; folklore
old girl; former female student; alumna; office girl
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to summon; to call (e.g. phone); to convene; to invoke (e.g. subroutine); to call; to open (e.g. a file)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
abruptly; suddenly; all of a sudden; without warning
island; one's territory (e.g. of a sex worker, organized crime gang); one's turf
unthinkable; unexpected; absolutely not!; far from it!; (it was) no bother at all; not at all
summer vacation; summer holiday
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to pass (time); to spend; to overdo (esp. of one's alcohol consumption); to drink (alcohol); (arch.) to take care of; (arch.) to support
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that; to be the result (of); to be the outcome; to be the reason (for)
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
origin; source; base; basis; cause; ingredient; material
being in charge of (esp. a class or subject); taking charge of; class teacher; homeroom teacher; form teacher