if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
honorific/polite/humble prefix
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
thanks (for coming, helping, etc.); glad you could make it; tiredness; fatigue
from now on; after this; in the future; from here; from this point
how; in what way; how about
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
voice; singing (of a bird); chirping (of an insect); voice; opinion (as expressed in words); sound; sense (of something's arrival)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
suddenly; in a flash; rapidly; attractive; distinguished; showy
face; visage; look; expression; honor; honour
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to turn towards; to point
senior (at work or school); superior; elder; older graduate; progenitor; old-timer
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
thank you for your hard work; good work; see you; goodbye; goodnight
a lot; lots; enough; sufficient; enough; too many
to save; to rescue; to help; to assist; to support (financially); to contribute (to)
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
profit; gains; benefit; advantage; grace (of God, Buddha, etc.) (esp. as attained through rightful actions, prayer, adherence to one's faith, etc.); blessing
cooperative body; cooperative system; collective; community
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
small quantity; little; little while; short distance
to joke; to jest; to make fun of; to laugh at; to romp; to gambol
manner of speaking; verbal argument; objection; protesting a decision (esp. that of a sumo referee); rumor; rumour
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
much more; still more; single layer (or storey, etc.); (arch.) rather; (arch.) sooner
to shine; to glitter; to sparkle
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
slight bow (as a greeting or sign of gratitude); nod; salutation; consideration; thoughtfulness