indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
interior design; interior; upholstery
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
expansion; extension; enlargement; escape; ESC
layer; cosplayer (someone who participates in cosplay); cosplayers
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
diffusion; spread; popularization; promulgation; familiarization
town; city; municipal; urban
movement; transfer; migration; mobile; moving; traveling
flight (e.g. airline flight); trip (e.g. train trip); mail; post; opportunity; chance
consideration; concern; attention; thoughtfulness; making arrangements; care
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
thoughtless; reckless; rash; excessive; unreasonable; immoderate
tendency; trend; inclination
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
exactly; surely; right then; just then; just (about to); on the verge (of doing or happening)
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
pattern; behavioural pattern; behavioral pattern; predictability
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
many; much; majority (of); greater part (of); mostly; mainly
passage; pathway; roadway; avenue; aisle
closing; closure; shutdown; lockout
taking refuge; finding shelter; evacuation; escape; seeking safe haven
business; task; use; purpose; for the use of ...; used for ...
route; path; channel (e.g. sales, distribution)
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
opening (a door, window, etc.); leaving open; opening up (e.g. to the public); allowing (public) access
to go to and from (a place); to go back and forth between; to go to (school, work, etc.); to attend; to circulate (e.g. blood, electricity); to be communicated (e.g. thought)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
in that way; thus; so; so?
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
one; for one thing; only; (not) even; just (e.g. "just try it"); some kind of; one type of
on the way; en route; in the middle of; midway; halfway
shop; small store; business; firm
like; similar to; (I) think (that); (I) have a feeling (that); feels like; feels similar to
place; location; room; space; basho; wrestling tournament
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to (happen to) see; to notice; to catch sight of
commodity; article of commerce; goods; stock; merchandise
mostly; nearly; practically; well-nigh; almost invariably; all but