indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
(not) ever; (not) by any means; (not) in the least; (not) in any way; (not) at all
to obtain; to come into possession of; to get hold of; to get one's hands on
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
promise; agreement; convention; rule; destiny; fate
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
wife; (arch.) my dear; (arch.) dear; garnish (esp. one served with sashimi); embellishment
to play (a stringed or keyboard instrument)
holy mother; birth mother of a holy man (or woman); Virgin Mary
festival; feast; harassment by an Internet pitchfork mob; online shaming; galore (as in "goals galore"); frenzy
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to live up to expectations; to meet expectations
don't you think?; indicates question
failed creative work; flop; dud; bomb
family; members of a family
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to receive; to get; to catch (e.g. a ball); to be struck by (wind, waves, sunlight, etc.); to sustain (damage); to incur (a loss); to undergo (e.g. surgery)
mother-in-law; foster mother; step mother
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
curse; spell; malediction
(not) anything; (nothing) at all; and everything else; and all; (not) at all; (not) in the least
to seize; to catch; to obtain; to acquire; to understand; to grasp
to be able (to); to be possible (to)
please; somehow or other; one way or another
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
one o'clock; once; at one time; for a time; for a while; a time
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
language of flowers; floriography; flower symbolism, e.g. red roses mean love
grandfather; old man; kyogen mask used for the role of an old man
painful; bitter; tough; difficult; cruel; harsh
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
extent; degree; limit; bounds; (span of) time; (a) distance; the state of
to laugh; to smile; to sneer; to ridicule; to be dumbfounded; to be flabbergasted
to teach; to instruct; to tell; to inform; to preach
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
extent; degree; limit; bounds; (span of) time; (a) distance; the state of
terrible; dreadful; terrifying; surprising; startling; tremendous
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember