indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to contain; to comprise; to hold in the mouth; to bear in mind; to understand; to express (emotion, etc.)
approximately; about; promise; appointment; shortening; reduction
all people; everybody; ten thousand people
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
pupil; student; schoolchild
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
simultaneously; all at once; in unison
tide; current; sea water; opportunity; chance
garden (esp. man-made); orchard; park; place; location
to aim at (for, to do, to become); to try for; to have an eye on; to go toward; to head for
sky; the air; weather; far-off place; distant place; state of mind; feeling
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
group (of people); crowd; horde; throng; mob; multitude
educational institution; school; academy; campus
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
to be seen; to be in sight; to look; to seem; to come
may; might; perhaps; may be; possibly
road; path; route; way; distance; journey; road (e.g. to victory)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
exactly; surely; right then; just then; just (about to); on the verge (of doing or happening)
tuber; taro; yokel; bumpkin; dud; worthless thing
to wash; to cleanse; to inquire into; to investigate; to purify (one's heart); to lave (e.g. shore)
like; similar to; (I) think (that); (I) have a feeling (that); feels like; feels similar to
congestion; crush; crowding; confusion; disorder
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
competing in earnest (esp. in sumo)
to; for; from the standpoint of; as far as ... is concerned
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
time; hour; period; class
even; (if) only; just; besides; on top of that
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
printing type; movable type; printed text; print
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
concentration; focusing; convergence; within a collection of works
while; even though; despite